Essay on Prison Architecture

Shawn Connell Professor Blomquist Writing 101-15 4/16/12 Prison Architecture Wallace Stegner once said, â€Å"Nothing in our history has bound us to a plot of ground [since] feudalism once bound Europeans† (Stegner 301). The only exception is being imprisoned. For those who brake society’s set laws, â€Å"Prisons and their many variants are built environments whose intended purpose is punishment, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation† (Awofeso). Prisons began to be more widely used because the early Catholic Church disapproved of physical punishments.In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII authorized that incarceration and lack of liberty will take the place of the â€Å"eye for an eye† way of settling disputes previously employed (Awofeso). Today, architects are still debating what the best way to design a prison and punish guilty people is. Architects’ and theorists’ many differing morals such as how cruel one can treat an inmate, can influence their opinions of prisoner treatment and rehabilitation driving their designs to be unique, often having varying negative psychological effects on their inmates.Jeremy Benthem, a theorist, had sketched quite a harsh prison concept in 1781 called the Panopticon. He believed prisons should be a form of strict discipline. His structure allowed one guard to watch all the prisoners without them knowing when they were being watched. â€Å"The mental uncertainty implicit in prisoners’ not knowing when they are being watched was promoted as a crucial instrument of discipline† (Awofeso). The prisoners were to have no contact with any other inmates. The prisoner â€Å"is seen, but he does not see; he is the object of information, never a subject in communication† (Foucault 226).Without being able to talk to one another, the inmates could not discuss their crimes and get encouragement to repeat them. There also exists no chance of a planned rebellion or escape, making it only necessary to have one guard. Benthem believes to truly punish the perpetrators; their authority and dignity must be undermined. They must be stripped of any power or worth they have. They are to constantly live without knowing when they are being watched, which would translate after they are released. The prisoners would be so used to acting as though they were being examined and possibly become better people outside the prison.Benthem’s Panopticon was never directly erected so the effects on prisoners are unknown. However, through Craig Haney’s studies of other prisons, one can be sure Panopticism would have had adverse effects on those incarcerated there. Being watched constantly, Haney believes prisoners may, â€Å"labor at both an emotional and behavioral level to develop a â€Å"prison mask† that is unrevealing and impenetrable; many for whom the mask becomes especially thick and†¦[they find themselves] disincentive against engaging in open commu nication with others [and leads] them to withdrawal from authentic social interactions altogether† (Haney).Panopticicsm would dull inmates to a point of no emotions. They would become accustomed to the paranoia of being seen so they hide their feelings and actions. And since they would have no contact with any other person, they could lose all communication skills. In today’s society, the Panopticon’s form of punishment may be dubbed by the Contituation as cruel and unusual punishment. In contrast, John Haviland designed The Eastern State Penitentiary in 1821.The design was based off of the values of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons of â€Å"correctional reform and social justice† (Eastern State Penitentiary) with a purpose to bring inmates to god and a righteous way of life. â€Å"Many leaders believe that crime is the result of environment, and that solitude will make the criminal regretful and penitent† (Eas tern State Penitentiary). The designer utilized unique architectural details to enhance the religious atmosphere to encourage this regret.He incorporated components of famous religious architecture such as the immense churches built in the era of grand Gothic and Romanesque cathedrals to enforce the idea that god is almighty and constantly watching. Their hope was to have the prisoners repent their crimes and embrace a new life of innocence. Haviland factored in a religious element into almost every detail of the structure. The facade is fitted with lancet windows and stained glass. The entrances to the cells are small and short, forcing the new inmate to bow his or her head to enter.Inside the cells themselves, the sole form of light is a skylight representing the light of God or the all seeing eye of God. This system attempts to spiritually cleanse the new comer or in other words, the approach to the prison is a realization of one’s sins, the entrance into the cell is an ac t of submission, and the time spent in the cell is the beginning of a new life of holiness. The prisoners of Eastern State Penitentiary were not permitted to have contact with anyone, not even the guards.The inmates were meant to not even know where they were and were often masked when entering the building and their dwelling. Wendell Berry once stated â€Å"If you don’t know where you are, you don’t know who you are† (Stegner 299). This was meant to allow the prisoners to have a fresh start and a new beginning; to become a new and improved human being. Haviland wished to truly improve the lives of the individual prisoners and society at large in a way he thought was philanthropic. Although Haviland’s intentions seemed benign, studies show that isolation can be one of the cruelest forms of punishment.In fact, â€Å"there are few if any forms of imprisonment that produce so many indices of psychological trauma and symptoms of psychopathology in those pers ons subjected to [isolation]† (Haney). With a lack of communication with others, â€Å"many may develop emotional flatness that becomes chronic and debilitating in social interaction and relationships, and find that they have created a permanent and unbridgeable distance between themselves and other people† (Haney). There is quite a list of possible negative psychological effects including clinical depression, paranoia, rage, helplessness, violence, and cognitive dysfunction to name a few (Haney).If Haviland knew of these side effects, maybe he would have designed the Eastern State Penitentiary differently. Today, the average United States prison is quite different than the ideas of Haviland and Benthem. The prisons are known to have many negative trends. They usually tend to be very over crowded with two or more prisoners sharing a cell with men or women they have never met before living in close quarters with often one toilet in a cell with no privacy. Most are subjec ted to extreme violence and intimidation from both other inmates and often overworked staff.Many prisoners live in constant fear that they will be harmed physically or mentally by their peers. This type of prison system is not very effective. â€Å"Few people are completely unchanged or unscathed by the experience †¦[and] suffer long-term consequences from having been subjected to pain, deprivation, and extremely atypical patterns and norms of living and interacting with others† (Haney). Many cannot re-adjust to normal life outside prison where every activity and meal is organized for them. Some ontinue to be violent or paranoid that violence will be done unto them. Therefore, some designers have unique ideas to counter these negative effects like Josef Hohensinn. Josef Hohensinn believes the prison system should be changed. He believes â€Å"The more normal a life you give them [in prison], the less necessary it is to resocialize them when they leave† (Lewis). So , he created a resort-like prison in Leoben, Austria. His structure features floor to ceiling windows, full kitchens, and balconies.It is still secure; it is in a completely isolated area, the glass is all shatterproof, and the balconies all have bars. In Hohensinn’s opinion, prisons are merely a place to hold captives for a period of time. The inner workings of more common prisons are not natural and cause criminals to become possibly more dangerous by stripping them of their dignity, often abusing them, and making them slowly forget how to live a normal life. â€Å"About 67 percent of the prisoners who are released are arrested again within three years† (Lewis) in a normal prison.Hohensinn believes it’s just â€Å"an expensive way of making bad people worse† (Lewis). Above the door of his building, there is a quote that reads â€Å"All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the huma n person† (Lewis). His type of prison is very controversial. It was erected only eight years ago so the effect on inmates and the return rate are still unknown, however in comparison to the Panopticon and Eastern State, Leoben should have no negative effects on prisoner’s mental health.Craig Haney says â€Å"There is little or no evidence that prison systems across the country have responded in a meaningful way to these psychological issues, either in the course of confinement or at the time of release,† so Hohensinn is one of the first (Haney). The inmates at Leoben are permitted to have normal contact with others eliminating any social problems that may occur from solitary confinement. They are also allowed to cook and eat when and what they choose. Prisoners typically are denied their basic privacy rights, and lose control over mundane aspects of their existence that most citizens have long taken for granted† which can be the most damaging (Haney). The s cheduled life style employed by common American prisons causes inmates to be unaware how to run their lives when they return home. But with Hohensinn’s design, they maintain a normal life, just in another place away from society for a while. While many may not find his prison a true form of punishment, it stands to be the best way to date of how to treat inmates so they have less of a need to readjust to normal life in society.Architecture can reveal so much about how a society or person wishes to discipline and rehabilitate law breakers (Awofeso). There are few laws and regulations dealing with architecture of prisons in particular, therefore the architect has significant freedom to design a facility he or she sees as fit and productive. All plan to benefit society even if it is through very different ways. While some wish to punish cruelly like Jeremy Benthem, others wish to reform and improve the lives of these criminals. Both ways can be effective.If prisoners are punishe d cruelly, they may be too intimidated to commit another crime for fear of being imprisoned again. But if they are reformed, they may have the understanding of why the crime should not be committed in the first place. The theories are still unproven so there exists no â€Å"right† way to construct a facility. It remains up to the governing officials to approve and fund the architect’s designs and set them into action. Possibly in the future there will be a set way the world treats those who disobey the law, but today’s designs and the designs of the past remain up to the unique individuals who create them.

Diary of a Wimpy Kid

Diary of a Wimpy Kid diary of a wimpy kid Greg Is going to middle school, his mom bought him a â€Å"Diary† witch has the word â€Å"Diary† right in the middle and is in big letters. He is scared to bring it to school because he does not want some 8th grader to come see him with his bookdelay and think he is a sissy cause he has a diary In 6th grade and does not want to get punched and then get made fun of. Ergs big dream and what he thinks he Is going to be like in middle school Is this guy who so popular and knows him, and hen when he gets out of school, he is going to be really famous and when they want to know what his child-hood was like he is going to give them his diary, that's why he agreed to his mom to write in his diary. Greg is espoused to write in almost all year. Greg Is not really excited because A guy named Greg has a friend named Rowley and has been friends since Greg has moved to his new house.As soon as Rowley sees that a family has moved into the hou se, that was for sail, Roller's mom went to the store and bought him a book ladled â€Å"how to make friends† and kind of felt sorry for him so I pulled my wig for him. That how there friend ship started. There friends ship is a little wear at flirts. , Greg it this guy how thinks he is all that and thinks he is so popular. And when he Is older, he thinks he is going to be really famous. Lowly still thinks † hey I am only in 6th grade, I can still be a kid and use the word â€Å"PLAY† Greg hefty the book diary of a wimpy kid [ people think this book is just a funny book but what I hint is ] I think that if you have a really good friendship, and one of the friends said or did something heart-full, It can mess the whole thing up. 1: If you use your friend to make you a better person it can always turn back around just like when Greg made Rowley go down the BIG hill so Greg can throw a foot-ball at Rowley and so Greg can get a lot stronger. : when you have a really good friend you want to keep for a long time or a life time friend, you should ALWAYS be nice to them and respect them.If you have a friend that did something embarrassing or extenuated Diary of a imp kid Greg is going to middle school, his mom bought him a â€Å"Diary† witch has the word because he does not want some 8th grader to come see him with his bookdiary and think he is a sissy cause he has a diary in 6th grade and does not want to get punched and then get made fun of. Ergs big dream and what he thinks he is going to be like in middle school is this guy who so popular and EVERY-ONE knows him, and Greg is not really excited because called â€Å"how to make friends† and I kind of felt sorry for him so I pulled my wig for him. Hat how there friend ship started. There friends ship is a little wear at first. , Greg it this guy how thinks he is all that and thinks he is so popular. ND when he is older, grade, I can still be a kid and use the word â€Å"PIANO† † the book diary of a wimpy kid [ people think this book is Just a funny book but what I or did something heart-full, it can mess the whole thing up. 1: if you use your friend to make you a better person it can always turn back around 3: if you have a friend that did something embarrassing or extenuated Diary of a Wimpy Kid The story happened in East Ohio where Greg Heffley and Rowley Jefferson enters Middle School for the first time. *Greg Heffley – Known for his misadventures throughout his school. * Rowley Jefferson- He is the best friend of Greg. He is also immature and ignorant * Rodrick Haffley – He is the older brother of Greg. He is the main antagonist and constantly bullies Greg. The book opens with  Greg Heffley  saying how embarrassing it is to be having a journal with â€Å"diary† on the front and that whoever sees him with it will call him a â€Å"sissy†.Greg also goes to mention that one day he will become rich and famous but for now he is â€Å"stuck in middle school with a bunch of morons†. Greg faces too many hardships, including Halloween. As Greg and Rowley go Trick-or-Treating, they anger some teenagers who chase them. They barely escape but manage to get to Greg's grandma's house. The teenagers see them inside and Greg and Rowley taunt them. No t all goes to plan, though, and when they get home and Greg's dad, who was hassled by kids, throws water at them and the water soaks their candy.The Wizard of Oz play  is also a hardship for Greg. Patty Farell, who plays Dorothy, is coming on stage, and since Greg is a tree, he thinks he can throw apples at her, but the director takes this part out of the play for health and safety. Mrs. Norton, the music director, tries to make the trees sing an embarrassing song, but on the night nobody sings out of fear and the play is ruined. Greg and Rowley's friendship is starting to fall apart.Greg invents a game where one person throws a football to make the other fall off the Big Wheel; however when Rowley falls off, he breaks his arm. Greg is jealous of the attention Rowley is getting. Rowley is also framed for scaring kindergarteners, when it was Greg wearing Rowley's hat. When Greg confesses, Greg is kicked out, and Rowley is promoted. Rowley also declares himself the owner of a comic strip, Zoo-Wee-Mama, that was created by Greg and Rowley, but Greg drops out to make his own comic strip.The two stop being friends. Greg and Rowley get into a fight at the blacktop, when the teenagers from Halloween come, and grab Greg and Rowley. They make Rowley eat the cheese, and are going to make Greg do it, too, but Greg finds a way out. The students, however, notice the cheese is gone. Greg, being a good friend to Rowley, lies and says he threw it away, but this gives Greg the Cheese Touch. Greg and Rowley becomes friends again, and Greg begins to see the good advantages of having the Cheese Touch.Even though life is kind of unfair, you will somehow get through over it, you will always succeed if it is for good but if you fail, there is reason that God did that. Also, don’t ignore your friends because maybe they are the ones that will help you to succeed in life. Yes of course I will because this book has an effect to whoever reads it. My friend will learn how not to give up, fight for his/her rights and especially how to be â€Å"awesome†. Diary of a Wimpy Kid The story happened in East Ohio where Greg Heffley and Rowley Jefferson enters Middle School for the first time. *Greg Heffley – Known for his misadventures throughout his school. * Rowley Jefferson- He is the best friend of Greg. He is also immature and ignorant * Rodrick Haffley – He is the older brother of Greg. He is the main antagonist and constantly bullies Greg. The book opens with  Greg Heffley  saying how embarrassing it is to be having a journal with â€Å"diary† on the front and that whoever sees him with it will call him a â€Å"sissy†.Greg also goes to mention that one day he will become rich and famous but for now he is â€Å"stuck in middle school with a bunch of morons†. Greg faces too many hardships, including Halloween. As Greg and Rowley go Trick-or-Treating, they anger some teenagers who chase them. They barely escape but manage to get to Greg's grandma's house. The teenagers see them inside and Greg and Rowley taunt them. No t all goes to plan, though, and when they get home and Greg's dad, who was hassled by kids, throws water at them and the water soaks their candy.The Wizard of Oz play  is also a hardship for Greg. Patty Farell, who plays Dorothy, is coming on stage, and since Greg is a tree, he thinks he can throw apples at her, but the director takes this part out of the play for health and safety. Mrs. Norton, the music director, tries to make the trees sing an embarrassing song, but on the night nobody sings out of fear and the play is ruined. Greg and Rowley's friendship is starting to fall apart.Greg invents a game where one person throws a football to make the other fall off the Big Wheel; however when Rowley falls off, he breaks his arm. Greg is jealous of the attention Rowley is getting. Rowley is also framed for scaring kindergarteners, when it was Greg wearing Rowley's hat. When Greg confesses, Greg is kicked out, and Rowley is promoted. Rowley also declares himself the owner of a comic strip, Zoo-Wee-Mama, that was created by Greg and Rowley, but Greg drops out to make his own comic strip.The two stop being friends. Greg and Rowley get into a fight at the blacktop, when the teenagers from Halloween come, and grab Greg and Rowley. They make Rowley eat the cheese, and are going to make Greg do it, too, but Greg finds a way out. The students, however, notice the cheese is gone. Greg, being a good friend to Rowley, lies and says he threw it away, but this gives Greg the Cheese Touch. Greg and Rowley becomes friends again, and Greg begins to see the good advantages of having the Cheese Touch.Even though life is kind of unfair, you will somehow get through over it, you will always succeed if it is for good but if you fail, there is reason that God did that. Also, don’t ignore your friends because maybe they are the ones that will help you to succeed in life. Yes of course I will because this book has an effect to whoever reads it. My friend will learn how not to give up, fight for his/her rights and especially how to be â€Å"awesome†.

Ultimate Frisbee Essay

My feet left the ground. My arms extended. My entire body was parallel to the ground for what seemed to be an eternity. Nothing was going through my mind except one overpowering thought: catch the Frisbee. It was not just a Frisbee however. It was the game winning goal. It was redemption for my previous mistakes. It was reward for all of my tireless work. It was the gateway to eternal bliss. Catching this pass was a necessity.? I called out,† I’m open† to Greg Rupp, the thrower on my team, as I finally shook off the smothering blanket of defense wrapped on me by Justin Burns.This slight crack in an otherwise impenetrable defense flashed before his eyes. Within a split-second, his right foot stepped heavily on the firm ground and his torso pivoted launching the disc, with all his might, into oblivion. Greg immediately shouted †sorry† for throwing the disc way past me and way past my reach, but I was not going to give up. There might not have be another o pportunity. I saw this one and I was determined to reach it. ?Flying past Justin Burns and the rest of the other defenders, I dug my toes into the ground and lunged with all my strength on every step.My ankles were sore from playing for so many hours, but that was not going to stop me. My ribs hurt from colliding with Morgan Mansfield during the previous game, but that was not going to stop me. My wrist hurt from slamming into the ground at the beginning of the game, but that was not going to stop me. My sprit however was more powerful than all of physical limitations combined. As the space between me and the disc shortened, my passion and determination grew larger. After I was almost within reach, I realized what had to be done. To snatch the disc from its natural path, I needed to dive and fully extend my body.The small plastic disc comprised of all my dreams and desires was floating right in front of me. I swung my arms to generate more momentum and I slammed my feet into the gro und like two pistons launching a projectile. Every ounce of my energy and soul was poured into this thrust. Before I could think of the consequences, I was already flying through the air. In the air, it did not matter that my body ached. It did not matter that I haven’t caught a pass the entire game. It did not matter what I got on my math test. It did not matter that the fall might hurt. All that mattered was catching the disc.With my adrenaline fueled hawk eyes, I saw the ridges on the disc spinning in a clockwise direction. I reached my hand out, with my thumb under the disc, clenching first with my index finger and then wrapping the rest of my fingers around the smooth curve of the disc.? Everything I dreamed and fantasized about was now resting in my hand. It was still not safe however. The ground had a hunger that only broken dreams could satisfy. As the wrath of the cruel turf approached, I raised the disc high above my head feeding my body as fodder to the savage unyi elding terrain.A bed of hot coals could have broken my fall, and I still would not have felt the pain. The glory of catching what was thought to be uncatchable completely overpowered any slight injuries. This glory rushed into my body and soul as a primitive roar rushed out. My teammates and even the players on the other team ran over to congratulate me on my game winning grab. Kings couldn’t have felt as empowered as I felt. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the adrenaline wore off and the grass stains came out of my shirt and the injuries healed, the memory of this amazing experience stayed with me.But to me, this memory is more than just a good catch. It was the most enlightening experience in my life. This catch, as well as every other aspect of Ultimate Frisbee, has taught me that with diligence, tenacity and focus, there is nothing that is unattainable. To me, Ultimate Frisbee is not a game. It is not a sport. I do not play it. I do not like it. Ultimate Frisbee is a way of life. I eat, sleep and dream about it. I love it. It does not take over my life. It is my life. Only with this type of devotion and dedication, can the unreachable be reached.

The Spine - Angels in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Spine - Angels in America - Essay Example The setting is in America and the backdrop of greed, conservation, sexual politics and the discovery of an appalling new infection (AIDS) characterize it. Millennium Approaches and perestroika are well-illustrated using specific situations (Kushner, 23). The reconstruction of the American identity is based on the deliberate recycling of traditional American myths and elements of American culture. Gay characters envisage numerous themes, which include the American history, politics, religion, social policies and lifestyle, lead the play. Some of the characters in this play include, Prior Wlter, Louis Ironson, Harper Pitt, Joe Pitt, Roy Cohn, Ethel Rosenberg, Hannah Pitt, Belize and the voice or angel (Kushner, 34). The play remains the most adored and honored in America. Some critics term it as a political drama while others call it a gay drama. The pay is made up of two parts namely, the Millennium Approaches and the Perestroika (Kushner, 12). In essence, a fantasia refers to a piece of musical thought sinuous from another with diminutive regard for set forms or standards. Kushner makes the play flow by allowing overlapping scenes in a contraptual manner, where characters move in and out in simultaneous dialogues. The settings from offices to house to parks and hospitals rapidly change to align with the thematic change. The spine of this play is fundamentally the history of America and politics. The people’s history outlines fundamental features that characterize a typical American person (Kushner, 40). The social element that sees characters like Prior Walter and Roy Cohn practice and support are a fundamental feature of the American social fabric. However, it is imperative to note that, diversity is expressed in sundry ways by the characters. For instance, the Cohn develops the theme of politics (Kushner, 39). Cohn vividly reveals a political aspect portrayed by self-repugnance, power hungry hypocrite. American history develops with the author’s sense of employing the Brechtian epic mode and form. The play is immensely influenced by the use of numerous points of perception and a dialectical hallucination of history. Kushner succeed to describe the angel of history of America as looking as though moving away from something he is steadily contemplating. The like to stay and awaken the dead. The eyes are staring, and the wings are wide spread. The face is turned towards the past. However, the storm is blowing from paradise. This storm propels him into the future to which his back is turned. The storm is called progress (Kushner, 257-58). It is noticeable that, the listed features characterize the angel of history. They depict the people‘s desire to remain with the past historical practices, but it seems not possible due to the strong storm that blows. The storm is symbolically used to indicate the intense sense for a change in the social, economical and political patterns. Kushner’s hallucination transcends and a nswers numerous of the multifaceted contradictions we grapple. Art deposes politics. In spite of Louis’s scrutiny on the absence of angels in America, only political supremacy existed, Kushner seem to say that art, love and vision, alongside the power of muddled human rendezvous and forgiveness, can outshine the static solution of the angels. Angels cannot grapple our world. It is moving too swift for them. They do not visage the choices and dilemmas that influence humanity. They cannot

The Role of Technology in College Research Paper

The Role of Technology in College - Research Paper Example Let us analyze the conversion of text books into e-books and utilization of iPads by the students in the educational system. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of implementing this particular technology into the college along with detailed information in terms of its functions and its impact on the students, organization and the education system. The main objective that one has to consider is to what extent does this technology enhances the learning of the students and to what extent it suppresses the well-being of the students. This analysis provides a clear view towards how the technology has to be handled to enhance the students’ learning and how far the limitations have to be imposed towards the students.It is no surprise that students in the modern era are highly utilizing the technology and the Internet. When the printed paperback books are replaced by e-books, it provides the students with an easy access to their books anywhere and anytime. It also serves as a con venient way for the students to store a large number of books within a single device. This is indeed the major reason why students and educators prefer the system of e-books conversion. It tends to provide greater mobility and convenience in the part of the students. The use of e-books and iPad devices provide better functionality to the users. The e-books make your search pretty simple and include advanced functions such as highlighting, annotating and bookmarking the important pages. The e-books are cost effective.... Here we present a comprehensive analysis of implementing this particular technology into the college along with detailed information in terms of its functions and its impact on the students, organization and the education system. The main objective that one has to consider is to what extent does this technology enhances the learning of the students and to what extent it suppresses the well-being of the students. This analysis provides a clear view towards how the technology has to be handled to enhance the students’ learning and how far the limitations have to be imposed towards the students. It is no surprise that students in the modern era are highly utilizing the technology and the Internet. When the printed paperback books are replaced by e-books, it provides the students with an easy access to their books anywhere and anytime. It also serves as a convenient way for the students to store a large number of books within a single device. This is indeed the major reason why st udents and educators prefer the system of e-books conversion. It tends to provide greater mobility and convenience in the part of the students. The use of e-books and iPad devices provide better functionality to the users. The e-books make your search pretty simple and include advanced functions such as highlighting, annotating and bookmarking the important pages. In addition, the e-books are cost effective when compared to the conventional printed text books. â€Å"The conversion to the iPad device and e-textbooks will help lower the overall cost of education to students, saving students roughly $200 per quarter on the cost of printed textbooks† (â€Å"Brown Mackie College System of Schools,† 2012). iPads must be used as a great tool for inspiring the

Islamic Politics and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islamic Politics and Terrorism - Essay Example (Esposito, 1987, p. 152) It is presumed that Iran's revolution of 1979 declared the Muslim world to think on various 'political' aspects. It was the 1979 revolution of Iran that made the Muslims to think about their future as Islam was declared by the name of 'Islamism', which acted as adversary to the western world particularly America. The main reason started with the Iran political agenda of 1979 when the constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran declared 'Shiaat' as its official religion instead of declaring the one and only 'Islam'. 'Shiaat' when declared as the official religion caused rage among the 'sunni' Muslims, which existed in minority in Iran and Iraq, however the cold war started between shiaa and sunni Muslims after the execution of many 'sunni' Muslims in Iran. This was the time when Shiites all over the countries like Lebanon, Syria, Beirut and Iraq were strengthened and were supported by various movements in order to support 'Hezbollah' (Iran) (Moubayed, 2005) From this day onwards, Islam has been labeled as 'Fundamentalist', rather it would be better to say that, the creation of 'Hezbollah' was the first move towards extremism. The main political agenda, which sta... the 1980s responsible in declaring Islam as 'fundamentalist' or 'terrorist' religion is due to the rise of 'Hezbollah' which has ground deep political influences which goes in the favour of Muslim 'mullahs' and politicians. In fact these two groups have served as rouges for taking Islam to the heights not only as a terrorist religion but also as a 'terror' practiced by Muslim countries. History reveals that groups like Hezbollah and Al-Qaida have been responsible in gaining defame to their religion in the form of 'terror'. Their main aim was to fight for Islam, despite of the fact that Islam does not under any circumstances encourage terrorism. All they have done so far is disguised 'Jihad' by adopting extremist attitude, though Islam is not an extremist religion. The rules followed in Afghanistan are their own 'Holy laws', misused in the name of religion. On November 04, 1979 Iran leaded a new movement with the help of United States by the name of 'Iran Hostage Crises', which was failed for the loss of lives of the eight US soldiers. However, history reveals that United States was an ally of Iran during and after the World War II. 1979 was the year when Iran's shah 'Mohammad Raza Pehlavi' was overthrown by 'Ayatollah Khomeini' for the western influence he persuaded in Iran. When the US government offered a new relationship with the new Government, Khomeini not only rejected it, but also opposed thereby blaming America for causing 'satanic events' by influencing western culture in Iran. Muslim political era would not be completed without the concern for division in the name of 'Shiaa' and 'Sunni' Muslims. Iran with other countries having majority of Shiaas murdered a massive Sunni Muslims whose beliefs and rituals they found detestable. (Whittaker, 2004, p. 20)

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Reading response - Essay Example Likewise, Hitler understood propaganda as the best medicine to have the masses embrace a particular ideology. Instead of having intellectual propaganda that could only be understood by the intellectually gifted, Hitler believed that the masses are gullible and any effective propaganda had to be in its simplest possible form. However, such propaganda had to have a few, but strong slogans that evoked emotions among the public to elicit the required reactions. Considering the public has limited understanding and would not digest too many materials, Hitler maintained in using a few scale but emotions-evoking points as the best tool for propaganda but with great effectiveness in swaying the public. There have been some cases of propaganda in the United States most of which are related to its foreign ideologies and warfare. For example, a general propaganda was used to justify attacking and dethroning Saddam Hussein from power on the pretext that he had weapons of mass destruction which posed a high risk not only to American citizens, but also to the whole world. Spreading the propaganda created fear attracted support for the U.S and her allies to attack Iraq though nothing of the weapons as claimed was found. Similar propaganda are spread about the possibility of terrorist attacks within American territory to ensure everyone is vigilant in guaranteeing home

Interest Groups and Their Role in American Politics Research Paper

Interest Groups and Their Role in American Politics - Research Paper Example A particular example of an interest group is the organization SAGE (Service and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Elders). . It is the largest and oldest organization in America devoted to promoting the welfare of LGBT senior citizens and make sure that their voices do not get lost in a cacophony of voices. SAGE formed itself in 1978 not only to deliver services to LGBT elders in New York City but also to push for policy reforms at the national level, and provides technical assistance to similarly-minded groups all over the country. It is not however a simple issue of sterile technical assistance. Considering the historical marginalization of LGBT communities and their susceptibility to the hate agenda of conservative groups, SAGE employs a radical organizing component as well (Reisch, 2005: 288) – that is to say, â€Å"the replacement of oppressive institutions, conditions, systems and practices with ones that reflect principles of justice, equity and respe ct for human diversity.† SAGE works in tandem with other organizations in order to further the shared goal. After all, theirs is a shared commitment towards addressing the needs and uplifting the well-being of LGBT elderly and pushing for equality and tolerance, regardless of age differences. It is through the consolidation of their voices that change can be sought and demands can be made to reform policies or introduce new ones. Coupled with this, SAGE is also following the strategy of pushing for their advocacy on three levels: city/local, state and federal level. This is a sound strategy in that it acknowledges that policy is generated in multiple fulcrums of power an if one is to push an agenda, then pressure tactics must be applied on the multiple fulcrums and not just one one. While interest groups are in theory a crucial component in any thriving democracy, many have criticized how some interest groups have created adverse effects in the American political terrain. Sust ein (1985: 29) writes: The dissatisfaction takes various forms, but many of the concerns have a common root in the problems produced by the existence of interest groups, or â€Å"factions†, and their influence over the political process. The scheme is challenged on the grounds that it allows powerful private organizations to block necessary government action; that the lawmaking process has been transformed into a series of accommodations among competing elites, and that the rise of a large bureaucracy exercising broad discretionary power has undermined original constitutional goals by circumventing the safeguards of separation

The Potentials of the Next Generation Consumers of iPhone Essay

The Potentials of the Next Generation Consumers of iPhone - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that according to various kinds of literature, it has been widely accepted that a well-built marketing framework comprises certain essential strategic measures and approaches that further leverage marketers to make the long-term sustainability of their offerings within a particular business industry. In this similar context, a strong segmentation of market or target consumers can be asserted as one of the most effective approaches implemented by the organizations while marketing new brands within a particular business market. Moreover, an integrated marketing mix eventually facilitates implementation of strategies associated with product, place, price, and promotion and therefore, ensures the delivery of adequate opportunity to the organizations to build a strong market for their respective products and/or services. Marketing of a product and/or a service is duly considered to be the most effective practices of an organization in building i ts long-term sustainability in a particular industry or business market segment. To overcome the challenges presented by the current fiercely competitive scenario affecting contemporary organizations belonging to different business industries, an effective and well-built marketing plan plays a pivotal role not only to make the offered products successful but also to build a strong position of the products/services and gain competitive advantages through augmenting brand value on the whole. An effective marketing strategy may require the adoption of multiple tools and techniques that can enable marketers to gain significant insights and draw an exceptional brand image of the product in consumers’ mind. The aim of the discussion henceforth is to identify and assess the potentials of the next generation consumers of iPhone product line for Apple and propose marketing mix strategies that would assist the organization in gaining a competitive positioning over its close rivals. iPh one is commonly characterized as a particular product line of smartphones, which is designed, manufactured and marketed by one of the leading brands in the global Information Technology (IT) industry, Apple Inc. In the year 2007, the company launched the first generation of this product, which attracted a huge volume of tech-savvy customers from all around the globe.

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay It specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise, and industry standard servers, related storage devices, networking products, software and a diverse range of printers, and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small- to medium-sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer-electronics and office-supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. HP also has strong services and consulting business around its products and partner products. HP believes that simplifying logistics industry supply chains centers on a single premise: the information surrounding in-transit materials and financial management is as valuable as the actual physical goods. Thus, the better you synthesize and utilize the information embedded in the supply chain operations, the more you can reduce complexity and prosper. To this end,The company offer a four-pronged approach for addressing supply chain complexity: 1. A clear understanding of the challenges, and a vision of how to break through the complexity. 2. The broadest portfolio of services and technology in the industry for creating an integrated and agile supporting infrastructure. 3. An industry architecture that maps this portfolio to the core business technology layers that are essential for a high-performing supply chain. 4. Service methodologies for assessing and refining the business and technology that propels supply chain performance.

The History Of Harley Davidson Marketing Essay

The History Of Harley Davidson Marketing Essay Harley-Davidson  (formerly HD), often shortened  H-D  or  Harley, is an American  motorcycle maker. Founded in  Milwaukee, Wisconsin, during the first decade of the 20th century, it was one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the  Great Depression.   The company sells heavyweight (over 750cc) motorcycles designed for cruise on the  highway. Harley-Davidson is a reliable brand name  which keeps active events,functions a museum. Harley-Davidson logo accounts for almost 5% of the brand companys net revenue. In 1901,Mr.  William S. Harley, was the founder of this plans for a small engine with a design of 7.07  cubic inches (116 cc) and four-inch (102  mm) flywheels.The prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10  ÃƒÆ'-  15  ft (3.0  ÃƒÆ'-  4.6  m) shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the major parts, however, were made elsewhere, including some probably made-up at the West Milwaukee rail shops where oldest brother William A. Davidson was then  tool room  foreman. In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory in Chestnut Street. still this location name Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarters  today. Harley davidson first manufacturing plant was a 40  ÃƒÆ'-  60  ft (12  ÃƒÆ'-  18  m) single-story wooden construction. this plant was produced aprox 50 motorcycles that year. In 1907, William S. Harley graduated from the  University of Wisconsin-Madison  with a degree of  mechanical engineering and the same year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and editing of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the new services and stuff production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907.They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments to others departments around this time, a market that always been important to them ever since. Harley davidson which was produced in 1905 n 1906 they all were in single cylinder with 26.84 cubic inches ( 440cc ) engines.in feb 1907 they manufactured V-Twin engine with 45 degrees and was displayed at the chicago Automobile showroom. between 1907 n 1910 a very few v twin model were built as well as shown and advertised.Harley davidson first V-Twins model displaced in 1907 and 1910 was 53.68  cubic inches (880 cc) and produced about 7  horsepower (5.2 kW). This gave about double the power of the first singles. Top speed was about 60  mph (100 km/h). and the company Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1,149 machines in 1909. In 1911,some 150 motorcycles company had already been built in united stated so harley davidson improved V-Twin model was introduced for the market. The new V Twin engine had advance operated intake valves, as opposed to the automatic intake valves used on previous V-Twins that opened by engine vacuum. having displacement of 49.48  cubic inches (811 cc), the 1911 V-Twin was smaller than earlier twins, but gave better performance and good result. After 1913 the majority of bikes produced by Harley-Davidson would be V-Twin models. By 1913, Harley davidson improved there market so they demolished and constructed the yellow brick on the site a new 5-story structure of resistant concrete and red brick had been built for the new site.In spite of the competition with other brands, Harley-Davidson was the one who already pulling ahead of  Indians  and would dominate motorcycle racing after 1914. the manufactured that year swelled to 16,284 machines. Golden time period for the Harley-Davidson was in the 1920 become the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world. and the dealer of the HD motorcycles were sold by dealers in 67 countries. Production was about nearly 28,189 machines. In 1921,Otto Walker who riddent harley davidson, he was the first motorcycle ridder ever to win a race at an average speed of over 100  mph (160 km/h). During the 1920s, several changing put in place for the race, such as a new 74 cubic inch (1200 cc) V-Twin, introduced in 1922, and as well the Teardrop gas tank in 1925. A front brake was added in 1928. In the late summer of 1929, Harley-Davidson introduced V twin flathead with 45  cubic inches (737 cc) to compete with the Indian 101 Scout  and the  Excelsior Super X.  This was belong to D model, produced from 1929 to 1931.  Riders of Indian motorcycles irreverently referred to this model as the three canister Harley because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder.  The 2.745  in (69.7 mm) bore and 3.8125  in (96.8 mm) stroke would continue in most versions of the 750 engine; exceptions include the XA and the XR750. (Ref. by Harley-Davidson eNotes.com Reference ). The Great Depression After the introduction of their 45 cubic inch model  Great Depression  began a few months. Harley-Davidsons sales plummeted from 21,000 in 1929 to 3,703 in 1933. Despite those dismal numbers, Harley-Davidson proudly unveiled its lineup for 1934, which included a Art Deco Styling with flatthead. In order to survive the remainder of the Depression, the brand company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines for the best output. They also designed and built a three-wheeled delivery vehicle called the  Servi-Car, which was based in production until 1973. Claims of stock Price Manipulation In late 1990s the golden time periods of the harley davidson was on the peak demand and early first decade of the 21st century, Harley-Davidson took a look on a program of expanding their dealerships throughout the 67 countries. At the mean time, its present dealers had waiting for the lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models. Harley-Davidson, like the auto manufacturers or the producers,they records the sale when it is deliverd to the dealer not when a consumer buys their product. Therefore, it is quite possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept more inventory than desired in a practice called channel filling.This news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price when demad softened following the unique 2003 model year. Financial crisis In 2009 According to  Interbrand, the value of the Harley-Davidson fell by 43% to $4.34 billion. the company profits droped in 2009 in two quarters and which fall in value is believed to be connected to the 66% .  On April 29, 2010, Harley-Davidson explore alternate u.s site to achieve that they must cut the amount of $54million in modern cost from the production. The statement came in the wake of a massive company-wide reformation, which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories, one distribution center, and the planned removal of nearly 25% of its total workforce (around 3,500 employees). (Ref by ridley choppers vs harley davidson Google Search) Softail Harleys strong value of tradition was based on these big-twin motorcycles. With the rear-wheel suspension hidden under the transmission, they are visually similar to the hardtail  choppers  popular in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as from their own earlier history. Harley davidson kept the tradition and made few amendments like, they offerd Softail models with Springer front ends and Heritage styling that integrate design cues from throughout their history. Dyna Dyna motorcycles feature age -old styling and big-twin engines. They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional coil-over delay that bonds the swingarm to the frame and from the Sportster by their larger engines. On these models, the program also houses the engines oil tank. In 2006, Harley-Davidson introduced their five best Dyna models: Super Glide, Super Glide Custom, Street Bob, Low Rider, and Wide Glide. In 2008, the Dyna Fat Bob was introduced the unique Dyna line-up featuring violent styling, featuring a new 2-1-2 tire out, having twin headlamps, a 180  mm rear tire and a 130  mm front exhaust. The Dyna family uses the 88 cubic inch twin cam from 99-06. From 2007-and on the dislodgment was increased to 96 cubic inches. This was the result of the factory increasing the hit to 4 3/8 inches. Sportster In 1957, the Sportster is the longest-running model family in the Harley-Davidson brand. They were prepared as racing motorcycles, and were popular on dirt and flat-track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s. Smaller and lighter than the older Harley models, contemporary Sportsters make use of 883  cc or 1,200  cc Evolution engines and though often modified, remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors. In 2003 model year, the engine on the Sportster was rigidly attached to the frame. The 2004 Sportster taken a new frame featuring a rubber-mounted engine. Due to these ammendments these bike become heavier and reduced the available lean angle, it decreased the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider.  Just because of the rubber mounted engine it provides a significantly smoother ride for rider and passenger, for the longer trips. In the year 2007 , Harley-Davidson celebrated its 50th anniversary of the Sportster and introduced a limited edition called XL50, of which only 2000 were distributed for sale purpose among the dealers. Each motorcycle was individually camed in one of two colors, Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black. In 2007, a new category having electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster , and the Nightster model was introduced in mid-year. In 2009, Harley-Davidson added the Iron 883 to the Sportster line, the newest in the Dark Custom series. Environmental record According to the  Environmental Protection Agency  conducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Harley-Davidson produced an environmental warranty. The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is structured and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards.  In 2005, the EPA and the  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection(PADEP) confirmed Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to willingly enroll in the  One Clean-Up Program. This program is structured for the clean-up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations. Harley-Davidson culture Harley-Davidson motorcycles have long been associated with the sub-cultures of the: Biker Motorcycle club Outlaw motorcycle clubs, bikers, one per centers Origin of Hog nickname In 1920, a team of farm boys, including  Ray Weishaar, who became known as the hog boys, continuously won races. The group had a live  hog  as their mascot. The HOG BOYS made the Harley towin the races and make a victory lap.  In 1983, the Motor Company introduced a club for owners of its product taking advantage of the long-standing nickname by turning hog into the acronym HOG., for Harley Owners Group. Harley-Davidson attempted to  trademark  hog, but lost a case against an independent Harley-Davidson organisation, The Hog Farm of West Seneca, NY,  in 1999 when the  appellate panel  ruled that hog had become a  generic term  for large motorcycles and was therefore unprotect able as a trademark. On August 15, 2006, Harley-Davidson Inc. had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG. COMPETITORS OF HARLEY DAVIDSON American Iron Horse Choppers A new firm has been introduced in the market i.e. American Iron Horse Choppers. They have a custom bike shop that dealt with various brands of choppers. They are a dealer for APC, Ironworks,  Iron Horse, and Swift. They also do repairs on other brands. There are a couple of Big Dog choppers along with many  Iron Horse bikes. Out of all the bikes we worked with I consider Iron Horse and Big Dog to be some of the best out there nevertheless they are not better than Harley Davidson. I loved dealing with Iron Horse as they really provide a lot of proper maintenance documentation. One thing that I think is the biggest problem with custom choppers is the wiring. Iron Horse went the extra mile and in my opinion did a great job making  proper wiring harnesses for their bikes. If a bike came out of the crate with any chrome or paint issues they were real quick to send new parts to correct the problem.   Big Dog also does a good job as far as warranty stuff and they have designed a new primary set-up that allows you to replace the starter without having to take the primary apart. IIRC both bikes run SS engines. They make some really good material and usually dont give much problems.   As far as aftermarket parts both bikes use standard Softail forward control mounts so just about any aftermarket Softail forward control setup will fit. The tripple trees are also standard Harley stuff so any handlebar setup will fit. They look great but to me they are not fun. I like bikes that you can lean in to a corner with. But the super wide tires on the choppers will just laugh at you if you try to take a corner faster then a car. Theyre great in a straight line but I hated making turns with them as it didnt take much before you were scraping the street with a part of the bike. So I cant help you much in that category. (Ref. by American IronHorse vs. Big Dog (Choppers only) Yahoo! Answers) West Coast Choppers West Coast Choppers motorcycles are known as  old school.  WCC bikes have been known as more exposed down when contrasted with decades-long established chopper builders like  Arlen Ness, that is, a bike having, not much there but engine, what the law requires, and something to hold on.  In spite of this information, a WCC product is the use of  9 mm  and  .44 Magnum  shell casings  as purely non-functional art, adorning the fuel or oil filler caps or top of the motorcycles handlebar risers. The presence of this 20th Century gun ammunition is intended to evoke Jesse G. James distant ancestor,  old west  outlaw  and  fighter Jesse James.  A tough brand tie between the chopper-riding biker and old west outlaws is a mainstay of biker culture, established by the biker worlds Norman Rockwell,  and its painter  David Mann. The bikers cross logo, a version of the  Iron Cross  or the  Maltese Cross, is also typical of a WCC bike, though that symbol is nea rly everywhere in Kustom Kulture  in any case. The old firm label of WCC bike labels fits loosely as well, moreover in recent years as WCC has moved away from the traditional  Harley-Davidson  chopper, seen by James as too ordinary, and enhanced the style to grooms its look. Specific ammendments include  Lambretta  scooters,  Honda 305 Scramblers, and  Schwinn Black Phantombicycles. Labels used by West Coast Choppers have been designed to make it professional look firm Atkins Parker Creative, who carefully observed the colours and motifs dear to old firm bikers, such as Vietnam war squadron patches. This is crafted to remanufactured for mass consumption the odd, imperfect shapes of old hand-painted bike art in order to gratify the customers keen sense of authenticity. (Ref by american iron horse choppers Google Search ) SWOT Analysis of Harley-Davidson This case is an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for Harley-Davidson. Name recognition Harley-Davidson is possibly the most recognizable name in the motorcycle industry, anywhere in the world. This is possibly because of the typical, rough crash (sounds like potato-potato-potato) which made its bikes famous. Or perhaps its because the name Harley-Davidson is the core of the motorcycle industry, and the Harley-Davidson is the motorcycle that almost every rider aspires to own. Whatever the case, HDI enjoys brand name acknowledgment that other companies strive to obtain, yet fail to achieve. History Harley-Davidson has a long history, beginning in 1909, with the introduction of the V-Twin engine. Harley-Davidson motorcycles were in high demand during World War I, and HDI was one of only two motorcycle companies to survive the Great Depression of the 1930s. The military used Harleys during WWII, and law enforcement agencies around the country either have used or are currently using Harley-Davidson motorcycles as a tool for their Police Officers, Sheriffs Deputies and Highway Patrol Troopers enforce the laws of this great nation. Today most of the youngsters have a passion to buy and keep Harleys as an antique. These bikes have grown in popularity around the globe because of their reliability and durability. World Wrestling Entertainment Super Star Undertaker also used to enter the wrestling arena on a Harley Davidson bike. Harley-Davidson Performance Analysis There are many ways to test the output of the company, some more famous than others. According to Barney text ,the accounting method is the most useful and famous way of measuring a firms output (Barney, 2002). Some of the reasons for the popularity could include the fact that accounting measures of output are publicly their on many firms and they can make a great deal of material related to the firms operations. Other methods of the frims output analysis consist of firm survival and the multiple stakeholder approach.   The first method we will check is the accounting method. Through this accounting method we will take a look on specific ratios and their possible impact on the companys output. The specific ratios we will analyse contains the return on total assets, return on equity, gross profit margin, earnings per share, price earnings ratio, debt to assets, debt to equity, accounts receivable turnover, total asset turnover, fixed asset turnover, and average collection period. I will explain each ratio in complete detail, and why I have included it in this check, when I give the results of each specific ratio calculation. The return on total assets is an overall measure of prosperity which measures the total success of management in generating profits according to its ratios. This ratio shows the amount of net income generated by each dollar invested in these assets. The higher the firm returns on total assets, the better. The return on total assets of Harley davidson was 14.04% for 2001, 14.27% for 2000. These percentages are up and shows an upward trend, this shows strong output in this area for the previous two years.   Return on equity (ROE) showsthe profitability from the stockholders perspective. The ROE is a step to check the return earned on the common stockholders investment in the firm. Generally, the higher this return, the better off the stockholders are. Harley Davidsons return on Harley Davidson Case Analysis In 2007, Harley Davidson was the worlds most profitable motorcycle company.    They had just released great earnings and committed to achieve earnings per share growth of 11-17% for each of the next three years.    Their CEO of 37 years, James Ziemer, knew this would be an extremely difficult task seeing Harleys domestic market share recently top off at just under 50%.    The domestic market was where Harleys achieved the most growth over the past 20 years and with it leveling off, where was Harley going to get the 11-17% was the million dollar question. Harley Davidson has built a brand that is more than just the spread eagle on a load rumbling motorcycle, but for those who purchase a Harley they are purchasing a lifestyle, an experience, or piece of American culture if you will.    Due to this differentiating factor Harley has been able to charge a premium for its products and still be successful against its lower priced competition.    Harley built upon this lifestyle when it created the Harley Owners Group (HOG).    Harley would promote shows, rallies and rides through HOG in the US and even in other countries. This helped to build its coveted image into more of an exclusive club.          In the 1990s, Harley Davidson saw tremendous growth and looked for resolutions to its one problem of balancing production with its soaring demand.    In 1996, Harley announced Plan 2003.    Plan 2003 was a huge undertaking to increase its production capacity, introduce several new models and increase international expansion.    At the end of this planned expansionary period, Harleys sales had grown tenfold over just 23 years.    However in 2007, domestic demand was starting to slip, as several economical factors weighed on the American consumer, making it more difficult to buy luxury products. In 2007, Harley Davidson finds itself in a battle with heavyweight contenders with deep pockets and a lot of engineering resources.    Harley lacks the Harley Davidson Strategic Analysis William Harley and Arthur Davidson wanted to take a look of riding bicycles in 1901.    After joining of the Arthur brothers, Walter and William in their firm, they came up with the new idea of making a motor and a bicycle together.    Many engine ammendments were made before the satsfaction of the builders.    In 1903, they manufactured the first Harley-Davidson motorcycle and they produced three that year.    Harley built its first building in 1907 on Juneau Avenue in Milwaukee.    That same year, they manufactured 150 motorcycles.    As they were used for rebuilt purposes, they were also came in the useage of military .    They fullfill the military useage in border skirmishes and the government called for 20,000 bikes to be shipped overseas.    During the war, other companies also tried to challenge the market of Harley, but Harley remained the largest.    The depression had an unfavorable effect on Harley as it did with most firms, but they overcome on that iss ue and the crisis and celebrated its fiftieth year in 1953 as the sole survivor in the bikes industry.   Harley attract public in 1965, but was bought by thirteen heavy Harley-Davidson executives in 1981.    It was returned to public useage in 1986 by calling two million shares of common stock.    It was accepted by the New York Stock exchange in 1987 and has been there ever since. 2. A firm with the history of Harley-Davidson has few defects and threats, but a SWOT analysis can help them turn them into favorable conditions and strengths. Strengths- Customer satisfaction is the first strength of Harleys business.    Once a person bought a Harley, it seems as they trapped in the entire Harley business.    Once they bought a Harley, they usually never buy another brand of motorcycle. Once a person purchases a bike, the jacket, bandanas, etc. become a must.    Opportunity for Harley is that the economy is at a place where people will go out and buys a motorcycle for recreational purposes.    (Ref by Harley-Davidson eNotes.com Reference).